Tugas Softskill Bulan ke 3

Exercise 35 Passive Voice

1. The President was called by somebody everyday

2. The other members were called by John

3. Mr. Watson will call by somebody tonight

4. Considerable damage has been caused bay the fire

5. The supplies should buy for this class by the teacher

Exercise 36 : Causative Verbs (page : 135)

1.  The Teacher made Juan to leave the room
2.  Toshiko had her car repaired by a mechanic
3.  Ellen got Marvin typed her paper
4.  I made Jane called her friend on the telephone
5.  We got our house painted last week
6.  Dr Byrd is having the students wrote a composition
7.  The Policemen made the suspect lie on the ground
8.  Mark got his transcript sent to the university
9.  Maria is getting her hair to cut tomorrow
10. We will have to get the Dean to sign this form
11. The teacher let Al leave the classroom
12. Maria got Ed washed the pipettes
13. She always has her car fix by the same mechanic
14. Gene got his book published by a subsidy publisher
15. We have to help Janet to find her keys

Passive Voice
Passive voice merupakan struktur kalimat penulisan dalam bahasa Inggris yang mana subject (pelaku) dari kalimat tersebut dikenakan suatu pekerjaan. Passive voice tidak hanya ada dalam bahasa Inggris saja, dalam bahasa Indonesia kita mengenal Kalimat Pasif dengan perubahan yang sangat simple yaitu imbuhan di- / ter-.  Misalkan Rini membaca sebuah novel (kalimat aktif) novel dibaca oleh Rini (kalimat pasif).

Pola Passive Voice

Perubahan active voice ke passive voice tidak semudah perubahan kalimat aktif ke dalam kalimat pasif dalam bahasa Indonesia.

Pola:
S + Be + Verb-3 + By Agent

Ket:

S: Subjek

Be: To be

Verb-3: Kata kerja bentuk ketiga

By Agent: Pelaku

Contoh:

Rini    reads    Novel. (Active Voice)

 [S]    [V1]   [Object]

Novel      is          read      by Rini. (Passive Voice)

   [S]    [to be]     [V3]    [by agent]

Dalam pembuatan kalimat passive voice, kita tidak akan lepas dengan yang namanya tenses. Yup, karena dalam penentuan 'to be' pada kalimat passive voice tergantung pada tenses kalimat aktifnya.

Tenses	Active Voice	Passive Voice
Simpe Present	He buys a novel.	A novel is bought by him.
Present Continous	He is buying a novel.	A novel is being bought by him.
Present Perfect	He has bought a novel.	A novel has been bought by him.
Present Perfect Continous	He has been buying a novel.	A novel has been being bought by him.
Simple Past	He bought a novel.	A novel was bought by him.
Past Continous	He was buying a novel.	A novel was being bought by him.
Past Perfect	He had bought a novel.	A novel had been bought by him.
Past Perfect Continous	He had been buying a novel.	A novel had been being bought by him.
Simple Future	He will buy a novel.	A novel will be bought by him.
Future Continous	He will be buying a novel.	A novel will be being bought by him.
Future Perfect	He will have bought a novel.	A novel will have been bought by him.
Future Perfect Continous	He will have been buying a novel.	A novel will have been being bought by him.

Kalimat Yang Tidak Dapat Dipasifkan

Sebagaimana kita ketahui bawah hanya active voice (kalimat aktif) yang menggunakan verb (kata kerja) transitif (yang membutuhkan object) saja yang bisa dipasifkan. Misalkan:

He steals the television. (active voice)
the television is stolen by him. (passive voice)

Kalimat aktif di atas merupakan kalimat yang mengandung verb transtif yaitu 'steal' dan objek 'television'. Sebagaimana penjelasan di atas bahwa kalimat yang mengandung transtif verb itu lah yang bisa dipasifkan. Tapi tidak semua kalimat bahasa Inggris bisa dipasifkan. Berikut ini merupakan jenis-jenis kalimat tersebut.

1. Kalimat Nominal

Kalimat Nominal adalah kalimat bahasa Inggris yang membutuhkan tobe (am, is, are, was, were) sebagai kata kerja utama. Contoh:

I am beautiful.
He is sad.
They were tired.

Jenis kalimat tersebut di atas tidak dapat dipasifkan.

2. Kalimat Yang Menggunakan Intransitive Verb

Jenis kalimat yang ke dua yang tidak bisa dipasifkan adalah jenis kalimat yang mengandung verb (kata kerja) intransitif atau kata kerja yang tidak membutuhkan objek. Contoh:

I sleep there.
He arraives at home.
She dies.

Verb (kata kerja) intransitive seperti 'sleep', 'arrive' dan 'die' yang tidak memiliki objek tidak bisa dipasifkan.

3. Kalimat yang menggunakan Transitive Verb tertentu.

Saat kita ingin membuat kalimat pasif sarat utamanya adalah menggunakan Transitive Verb (kata kerja yang membutuhkan objek). Namun, ada pengecualian untuk Transitive Verb dibawah ini yang memang tidak bisa dipasifkan walaupun termasuk kedalam Transitive Verb. Transitif Verb di bawah ini termasuk ke dalam Stative Verbs, Seperti:

Lack (kurang) : Your mother lacks tact.
Fit (pas) : My shoes don't fit me.
Suit (Cocok) : This dress suits me well.
Have (memiliki) : They have a nice house.
Resemble (mirip) : Sylvia resembles a Greek goddness.

Jika sebuah kalimat aktif terdapat verb transitive seperti di atas (lack, fit, suit, have, dan resemble) termasuk kalimat aktif yang tidak dapat dipasifkan.

Penulisan By Agent

Dalam penulisan passive voice, kita biasanya menggunakan 'By' untuk menunjukan agent atau pelaku - orang atau benda yang melakukan pekerjaan atau yang menyebabkan sesuatu terjadi. Penulisan 'By Agent' pada kalimat passive voice ditujukan karena untuk menambah informasi dalam kalimat passive voice tersebut. Contoh:

This house was built by my grandfather.
This great novel was written by JJ. Tolkien

Tetapi tidak semua kalimat passive voice harus mencantumkan 'By Agent'. Kita boleh tidak menyertakan 'By Agent' dalam pembuatan passive voice jika orang atau benda yang melakukan pekerjaan tidak diketahui atau tidak penting. Contoh:

A lot of money was stolen in the robbery. (Tidak diketahui pelakunya)
The road is cleaned everyday. (Tidak terlalu penting pelakunya)

Sumber : http://www.belajarbahasainggris.us/2013/11/penjelasan-passive-voice.html

Tugas Softskill Bulan 2

Exercise 33 : Because/Because Of (page : 121)

1.   It was difficult to deliver the letter because the sender had written the wrong address on the envelope.

2.   We decided to leave early because of the party was boring.

3.   Rescue attempts were temporarily halted because of the bad weather.

4.   They visited their friends often because they enjoyed their company.

5.   Paul cannot go to the football game because his grades.

6.   Marcella was awarded a scholarship because her superior scholastic ability.

7.   No body ventured outdoors because of the hurricane warning.

8.   We plan to spend our vacation in the mountains because of the air is purer there.

9.   We have to drive around the bay because of the bridges was destroyed in the storm.

10. The chickens have died because of the intense heat.

Exercise 34 : So/Such (page : 124)

1.   The sun shone so brightly that Maria had to put on her sunglasses.

2.   Dean was such a powerful swimmer that he always won the races.

3.   There were such few students registered that the class was cancelled.

4.   We had so wonderful memories of that place that we decided to return.

5.   We had so good a time at the party that we hated to leave.

6.   The benefit was so great a success that the promoters decided to repeat it.

7.   It was such a nice day that we decided to go to the beach.

8.   Jane looked so sick that the nurse told her to go home.

9.   Those were such difficult assignments that we spent two weeks finishing them.

10. Ray cancelled at such an early hour that we weren’t awake yet.

11. The book looked so interesting that he decided to read it.

12. He worked so carefully that it look him a long time to complete the project.

13. We stayed in the sun for such a long time that we became sunburned.

14. That were so many people on the bus that we decided to walk.

15. The program was so entertaining that no body wanted to miss it. 

Connectors Showing Cause and Result

            Connectors or linkers are words or groups of words that help us connect words, phrases or sentences. Thanks to them, we can express relationships between ideas and improve our expression by making longer, more complex sentences.

For example, take these two sentences:
Our teacher was ill. We had to put off the exam.
     The first sentence is the cause of the second, and the second is the result of the first. The idea would be understood more easily if we could express the relation between both sentences. Thus, we could say:
Our teacher was ill, therefore we had to put off the exam.
We had to put off the exam because our teacher was ill.
As you can see, these two examples sound better than the first two sentences, thanks to the use of the connectors therefore and because. Connectors can be used to show contrast, purpose, sequence, etc. but today we will be concentrating on the linking words that show cause or result.

CAUSE
Conjunctions followed by a complete sentence:
a. Because: it usally follows the main clause: Everybody likes her because she's very kind and     friendly.

b. As and since are very similar. As is less formal than since. They are used when the reason is well known. The clauses that start with these words often begin the sentence:
     As I was very tired, I went to bed early.
     Since you are not interested, I won't tell you about it.
     (As and since can also be used as time connectors).

c. For suggests that the reason is given as an afterthought. For-clauses never come at the           beginning of the sentence. For is mainly used in literary texts, therefore, it is very formal.
     We listened eagerly, for he brought news of our families.

Connectors followed by a noun, a noun phrase, a pronoun or a gerund:
a.  Because of: They have had problems raising cash because of the credit crunch.

b.  Due to and owing to are considered by many speakers as exact equivalents, but this is not   so, because due to is adjectival (it follows a noun or pronoun), whereas owing to is adverbial       (it complements a verb). Compare these examples:
     The game was cancelled owing to torrential rain. 
     The cancellation of the game was due to torrential rain.
     If you are doubtful as to which of these you can use, here's a trick: try to substitute due          to with “caused by” and see if it works. *The game was cancelled caused by torrential rain.*        doesn't sound correct, so it's not possible to use due to in this case. On the other hand, The             cancellation of the game was caused by torrential rain, sounds fine.
     Owing to is interchangeable with because of: The game was cancelled because of torrential             rain.

c.  On account of: The nurse had to keep the baby in another room on account of my illness.

d.  Thanks to suggests that there is some cause for gratitude, though it can be used        sarcastically. She was given a scholarship thanks to her excellent grades.

Sources : http://inmadom-myenglishclass.blogspot.com/2011/05/connectors-showing-cause-and-result.html

Tugas Softskill Bulan 1

1. Conditional Sentence

Exercise 21 (page : 97-98)

1. Has understood                                           16. Will accept

2. Would not have been                                   17. Have buy

3. Will give                                                      18. Had decided

4. Would have told                                          19. Would have written

5. Would have been                                         20. Will leak

6. Had                                                             21. Studied

7. Would stopped                                            22. Hears

8. Needed                                                       23. Have seen

9. Have found                                                  24. Gets

10. Enjoyed                                                     25. Were turn

11. Paint                                                          26. Has been

12. We had been                                             27. Would have called

13. Written                                                      28. Would have called

14. Could have permitted                                 29. Had explained

15. Has spent                                                  30. Were speak

2. Adjective, Adverbs, Comparison Degree

Exercise 26 : Adjective & Adverbs (page : 107)

1. Well

2. Intense

3. Brightly

4. Fluent

5. Fluently

6. Smooth

7. Accurately

8. Bitter

9. Soon

10. Fast

Exercise 27 : Linking (Copulative) Verbs (page : 109)

1. Terrible

2. Well

3. Good

4. Calmly

5. Sick

6. Quick

7. Diligently

8. Vehement

9. Relaxed

10. Noisy

Exercise 28 : Comparisons (page : 114)

1. Sooner

2. More important

3. As well

4. More expensive

5. Hottest

6. More talented

7. More colorful

8. Happier

9. Worse

10. Faster

Exercise 29 : Comparisons (page : 114)

1. Than

2. Than

3. From

4. Than

5. As

6. Than

7. As

8. Than

9. Than

10. From

Exercise 30 : Comparisons (page : 117)

1. Better                                              11. The best

2. Happiest                                          12. Different

3. Faster                                              13. Less impressive

4. Creamiest                                        14. The sicker

5. More colorful                                   15. When

6. Better                                              16. Twice as much as

7. Good                                               17. Few

8. More awkwardly                             18. Much

9. Least                                               19. Farthest

10. Prettiest                                         20. More famous